Most towns sponsored plays enacted in town squares followed by the actors using the courtyards of taverns or inns (referred to as inn-yards) followed by the first theatres (great open-air amphitheatres and then the introduction of indoor theatres called playhouses). Lacking a dominant genius or a formal structure for research (the following century had both Sir Isaac Newton and the Royal Society), the Elizabethan era nonetheless saw significant scientific progress. It is thus Mary Tudor who girded the crown of England and Ireland as the second in the line of succession. She also wrote poetry. And though life expectancy remained low, ambitions were raised, especially in a merchant class that began to challenge the privileges of the old nobility. Coaches quickly became as fashionable as sports cars in a later century; social critics, especially Puritan commentators, noted the "diverse great ladies" who rode "up and down the countryside" in their new coaches. Like her father before her, Elizabeth had received a high-quality. John Dee, who was the court astronomer for Elizabeth I, advocated for the establishment of colonies in the New World. Important festivals held during the Elizabethan era included: Plough Monday, which is the first Monday after Twelfth Night of January, celebrated returning to work after the Christmas festivities. Upon the accession to the throne of Mary I, the country was plagued by religious quarrels and plunged into dark hours. At the same time, the art of the sonnet, coming from Italy, found new masters in the form of John Lily, Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser and, of course, William Shakespeare. Sir Martin Frobisher explored the Arctic and went on three voyages to the New World in search for the North-west Passage. Some 5,000 titles had been published in the eighty-seven years preceding Elizabeth’s accession. Then, at the end of a nervous pregnancy, which turned out to be the first sign of ovarian cancer, she went into agony on November 15, 1558. 24–29, On the social and demographic history see D. M. Palliser (1992), Carole Levin and Patricia Ann Sullivan (1995), David Cressy. Many of the lower classes had access to playing cards. [24], In 1584, the queen granted Sir Walter Raleigh a charter for the colonisation of Virginia; it was named in her honour. Christopher Haigh, English Reformations, Religion, Politics and Society under the Tudors, 1993 p. 237, Diarmaid MacCullough, The Later Reformation in England, 1547-1603, 2001, pp. Focusing on the country’s commercial activity, the capital of the kingdom drained the forces of the countryside. Watching plays became very popular during the Tudor period. The Elizabethan age contrasts sharply with the previous and following reigns. She was not able to get an unmarried clergy or the Protestant Holy Communion celebrated to look like a Mass,. Much of this scientific and technological progress related to the practical skill of navigation. People drank beer because water was impure to drink more often than not. The period of Elizabethan theatre covers the plays The Elizabethan era was a time associated with Queen Elizabeth I's reign (1558–1603) and is often considered to be the golden age in English history. The rest ate a great deal of bread and fish. Emotional exile and humiliation had marked her youth, Henry and Anne Boleyn making her pay the price of the interminable lawsuit for annulment of the first marriage of the king. The Essex Rebellion of 1601 has a dramatic element, as just before the uprising, supporters of the Earl of Essex, among them Charles and Joscelyn Percy (younger brothers of the Earl of Northumberland), paid for a performance of Richard II at the Globe Theatre, apparently with the goal of stirring public ill will towards the monarchy. The daub was usually then painted with limewash, making it white, and the wood was painted with black tar to prevent rotting, but not in Tudor times; the Victorians did this afterwards. Catherine Parr had soon remarried Lord Admiral Thomas Seymour, the uncle of the sickly young king. Parker adds that a Catholic uprising in the north and in Ireland could have brought total defeat. The population of London had increased from 50,000 in 1520 to 200,000 in 1600. This detailed literature summary also contains Bibliography on Elizabethan Drama by . It was necessary to prevent the kingdom from falling down, in the words of the sixteenth-century lawyer Etienne Pasquier. Girls were either kept at home by their parents to help with housework or sent out to work to bring money in for the family. The reason for this “sexual discrimination” was a dilemma: the sovereign must perpetuate the lineage. The upper floors of Tudor houses were often larger than the ground floors, which would create an overhang (or jetty). [65] Public tributes to the Virgin by 1578 acted as a coded assertion of opposition to the queen's marriage negotiations with the Duc d'Alençon. Young, Bruce W. 2008. Jousting was an upscale, very expensive sport where warriors on horseback raced toward each other in full armor trying to use their lance to knock the other off his horse. He argues that the Spanish army was larger, more experienced, better-equipped, more confident, and had better financing. The lowest court subject in England was called the “knave.” The lowest court card was therefore called the knave until later when the term “Jack” became more common. These wooden boards had the alphabet, prayers or other writings pinned to them and were covered with a thin layer of transparent cow's horn. He made a habit of appearing lightly in the teenager’s room. The symbol of Britannia (a female personification of Great Britain) was first used in 1572, and often thereafter, to mark the Elizabethan age as a renaissance that inspired national pride through classical ideals, international expansion, and naval triumph over Spain. The country developed the strongest naval force in Europe It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home, the Protestant Reformation became more acceptable to the people, most certainly after the Spanish Armada was repelled. Elizabeth said "I have no desire to make windows into mens' souls". Do you want to save dozens of hours in time? She too had hardly been considered by her father. The first Italian and Spanish decks had the same suits: Swords, Batons/ Clubs, Cups, and Coins. Yet even before Elizabeth had begun to reign, the number of cards had been standardized to 52 cards per deck. (These are all games for small group players.) [82], Miracle plays were local re-enactments of stories from the Bible. Half of the urban population was under 20 years old. Another major conspiracy was the Babington Plot — the event which most directly led to Mary's execution, the discovery of which involved a double agent, Gilbert Gifford, acting under the direction of Francis Walsingham, the Queen's highly effective spy master. Private libraries were growing. For a number of years refrained from persecuting Catholics because she was against Catholicism, not her Catholic subjects if they made no trouble. Its popularity matched that of 5th Century Greece.  Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history. The war carried on until the signing of the Treaty of London the year following Elizabeth's death. It was a violent sport--King Henry II of France was killed in a tournament in 1559, as were many lesser men. There were many different types of Elizabethan sports and entertainment. It established trading posts, which in later centuries evolved into British India, on the coasts of what is now India and Bangladesh. This "golden age"[1] represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of poetry, music and literature. In certain colleges, around the sons of the gentry, there was now a considerable proportion of offspring of lawyers and merchants, but also of labourers and other lower classes. The rich consumed white bread, while the poor ate dark bread. People did not [52], Education would begin at home, where children were taught the basic etiquette of proper manners and respecting others. Mary Tudor was well aware of this risk when she married Philip II. Tudor chimneys were tall, thin, and often decorated with symmetrical patterns of molded or cut brick. [13], The discoveries of Christopher Columbus electrified all of western Europe, especially maritime powers like England. The persecution of witches began in 1563, and hundreds were executed, although there was nothing like the frenzy on the Continent. How to explain the emergence in a generation of genius playwrights such as Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe (the author in 1588 of “The Tragic History of Dr. Faust”) and Shakespeare? King Henry VII commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to find a northern route to the Spice Islands of Asia; this began the search for the North West Passage. Spain was well established in the Americas, while Portugal, in union with Spain from 1580, had an ambitious global empire in Africa, Asia and South America. Elizabethan age was a great age of English literature. 2005. [8], In the Bye Plot of 1603, two Catholic priests planned to kidnap King James and hold him in the Tower of London until he agreed to be more tolerant towards Catholics. Although it is generally agreed that the Catherine Parr had soon remarried Lord Admiral Thomas Seymour, the uncle of the sickly young king. By the time of Elizabeth's reign, gambling was a common sport. Raleigh sent others to found the Roanoke Colony; it remains a mystery why the settlers all disappeared. [28] Mary had tried her hand at an aggressive anti-Protestant Inquisition and was hated for it; it was not to be repeated. One must remember that sugar in the Middle Ages or Early Modern Period was often considered medicinal, and used heavily in such things. The Injunctions of 1571 forbade any doctrines that did not conform to the teaching of the Church Fathers and the Catholic Bishops. [34] The Apostolic Succession was maintained, the institution of the church continued without a break (with 98% of the clergy remaining at their posts) and the attempt to ban music in church was defeated. England's food supply was abundant throughout. These would be eaten while standing and drinking warm, spiced wines (known as hypocras) or other drinks known to aid in digestion. The legal necessity for Henry VIII to invalidate this marriage to consort with his third wife had the consequence of depriving Elizabeth of all her titles – even that of a legitimate child. The Elizabethan Settlement, sometimes called the Revolution of 1559, was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. At school, pupils were taught English, Latin, Greek, catechism and arithmetic. Raleigh and Elizabeth sought both immediate riches and a base for privateers to raid the Spanish treasure fleets. [78], Travelling musicians were in great demand at Court, in churches, at country houses, and at local festivals. Bad harvests caused distress, but they were usually localized. One’s diet in England during the Elizabethan era depended on their social class. [38], Historians since the 1960s have explored many facets of the social history, covering every class of the population. Substantial advancements were made in the fields of cartography and surveying. Recluse under the reign of Mary Tudor, she read the “Psalms of David” and Cicero in the text. Our worksheet bundle includes a fact file and printable worksheets and student activities. Potatoes were just arriving at the end of the period, and became increasingly important. In part because of this, but also because the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent, There has, however, been extensive statistical analysis of demographic and population data which includes women, especially in their childbearing roles. He went on thinking earth as the centre of the universe (Ptolemaic geocentric world view; cf. People who could not afford glass often used polished horn, cloth or paper. Popular card games included Maw, One and Thirty, Bone-ace. This would include a few days or even a week of feasting in each noble's home, who depending on his or her production and display of fashion, generosity and entertainment, could have his way made in court and elevate his or her status for months or even years. The preservation of many Catholic doctrines and practices was the cuckoos nest that eventually resulted in the formation of the Via Media during the 17th century. After several plots to overthrow her, Catholic clergy were mostly considered to be traitors, and were pursued aggressively in England. Children began their education at home, starting with basic etiquette. [61] [46][47], The idea of the workhouse for the able-bodied poor was first suggested in 1576. [51] It was usual for students to attend six days a week. Elizabeth made naval strength a high priority. [12], Parker has speculated on the dire consequences if the Spanish had landed their invasion army in 1588. [40] The walls of Tudor houses were often made from timber and wattle and daub, or brick; stone and tiles were more common in the wealthier homes. The Kingdom of France was embroiled in the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598). Marriage, a History: From Obedience to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered Marriage. [39], Although home to only a small part of the population the Tudor municipalities were overcrowded and unhygienic. There were two types of school in Tudor times: petty school was where young boys were taught to read and write; grammar school was where abler boys were taught English and Latin. The Navy yards were leaders in technical innovation, and the captains devised new tactics. Families without a garden could trade with their neighbors to obtain vegetables and fruits at low cost. Martin Frobisher landed at Frobisher Bay on Baffin Island in August 1576; He returned in 1577, claiming it in Queen Elizabeth's name, and in a third voyage tried but failed to found a settlement in Frobisher Bay. [69], Over ninety percent of English women (and adults, in general) entered marriage at the end of the 1500s and beginning of the 1600s, at an average age of about 25–26 years for the bride and 27–28 years for the groom, with the most common ages being 25-26 for grooms and 23 for brides. Often priests were tortured or executed after capture unless they cooperated with the English authorities. [70][71][72] Among the nobility and gentry, the average was around 19-21 for brides and 24-26 for grooms. De Moor, Tine and Jan Luiten van Zanden. [56] In the towns the price of staples was fixed by law; in hard times the size of the loaf of bread sold by the baker was smaller. This was in significant contrast to previous and succeeding eras of marked religious violence.[32]. Meat, fruits, and vegetables could only be afforded by the rich. [62][63], The Queen's marital status was a major political and diplomatic topic. In part because of this, but also because the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent by Spain's tercios, the centuries-long Anglo-French Wars were largely suspended for most of Elizabeth's reign. There were no famines during the Elizabethan era. But Mary refused to commit this sin against a half-sister. The Elizabethan Renaissance, which ended with Queen Elizabeth’s death in 1601, merged into the Jacobean period, in which Shakespeare produced some of his finest work. Elizabethan Period Summary Women were married off by their parents or guardians at a relatively young age. Notable astronomers who advanced navigation and cartography were Thomas Harriot and Thomas Digges. William Byrd, Orlando Gibbons, Robert White, and Thomas Tallis were thus the glorious composers of Elizabeth’s reign. The Elizabethan era in the 16th century was one of adventure, intrigue, personalities, plots and power struggles. Wealthy Tudor homes needed many rooms, where a large number of guests and servants could be accommodated, fed and entertained. [59], England was exposed to new foods (such as the potato imported from South America), and developed new tastes during the era. The pope sent Jesuits and seminarians to secretly evangelize and support Catholics. [50] Wealthy families hired a tutor to teach the boys at home. [16] When the Anglo-Spanish Wars intensified after 1585, Elizabeth approved further raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and against shipping returning to Europe with treasure. Elizabeth succeeded Mary Tudor, who was nicknamed “the Bloody Mary” - a nickname given to her by Protestant opponents. Larger scale colonisation began shortly after Elizabeth's death. [6] This general peace and prosperity allowed the attractive developments that "Golden Age" advocates have stressed.[7]. The school day started at 7:00 am in winter and 6:00 am in summer and finished about 5:00 pm. After remarrying Jane Seymour, who finally gave him a male heir – the future Edward VI – the capricious king took little interest in a child whose birth had been ill-received. Edward Seymour, elder brother of Thomas and lord-protector of England, dominated him, the Council of Regency. His house train was reduced to a minimum. [45] Tudor law was harsh on the able-bodied poor, i.e., those unable to find work. The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603). A cannonball. A fervent Catholic, she had not been allowed to join her mother, Catherine of Aragon, in agony. Early Tudor houses, and the homes of poorer people, did not have chimneys. Furniture was basic, with stools being commonplace rather than chairs. Around 7,130 titles were printed during the forty-five years of Elizabeth’s reign (1558-1603). The Italian Renaissance had come to an end following the end of the Italian Wars, which left the Italian Peninsula impoverished. Mansions had many chimneys for the many fireplaces required to keep the vast rooms warm. The king who broke ties with Roman catholicism and formed the Church of … It was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland. Under the reign of Mary, the bastard and Protestant Elizabeth had become a symbol of the fight against the papist reaction. King Henry VIII was a champion; he finally retired from the lists after a hard fall left him unconscious for hours.[85]. There were no sewers or drains, and rubbish was simply abandoned in the street. The holiday goose was a special treat. [40], Outbreaks of the Black Death pandemic occurred in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589 and 1603. Feasts were commonly used to commemorate the "procession" of the crowned heads of state in the summer months, when the king or queen would travel through a circuit of other nobles' lands both to avoid the plague season of London, and alleviate the royal coffers, often drained through the winter to provide for the needs of the royal family and court. The English defenses, on the other hand, were thin and outdated; England had too few soldiers and they were at best only partially trained. Combined with his daring raids against the Spanish and his great victory over them at Cádiz in 1587, he became a famous hero[21][22]—his exploits are still celebrated—but England did not follow up on his claims. It also entered into the popular culture. Torture was rare, since the English legal system reserved torture only for capital crimes like treason[27]—though forms of corporal punishment, some of them extreme, were practised. Click any of the example images below to view a larger version. [25] In 1600, the queen chartered the East India Company. During the Elizabethan era, people looked forward to holidays because opportunities for leisure were limited, with time away from hard work being restricted to periods after church on Sundays. The first plays of this era were not performed in permanent theaters – there were none at that time. [58] At a somewhat higher social level families ate an enormous variety of meats, especially beef, mutton, veal, lamb, and pork, as well as chickens, and ducks. It was an age considered to be the height of the English Renaissance and saw the full … The apricot was a special treat at fancy banquets. It was during Elizabeth's reign that the first real theatres were built in England. The Elizabethan World View The Elizabethan world was in a state of flux and people were confused, frightened, excited at traditional beliefs challenged by scientific discovery, and exploration. The smoke in these cases would be let out through a simple hole in the roof. The Queen of England took the risk of not giving an heir to the lineage of the Tudors, even though her father, Henry VIII, had done everything to obtain one. [86] Most of the decks that have survived use the French Suit: Spades, Hearts, Clubs, and Diamonds. This period of time is remembered for its richness of poetry and drama. Sir Francis Drake, an English explorer, circumnavigated the globe in a single expedition between 1577 and 1581. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Elizabethan poetry, as the name suggests, comprises the poetry written during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Bernard Cottret, author of an illuminating analysis of this “female royalty” (Fayard, 2009), underlines the scandal that then represented the reigns of women: “For the time, it is an anomaly in a natural order dominated by the males”. There had been significant progress in the sciences during the Scientific Era, particularly with navigation, cartography, and surveying. The admiral braggart, who was trading with British privateers and diverting beautiful shares of loot, finally lost his head in 1549. In larger towns and cities, such as London, common diseases arising from lack of sanitation included smallpox, measles, malaria, typhus, diphtheria, Scarlet fever, and chickenpox. The queen sealed the reconciliation of the English crown with the papacy and married the son of Charles V, the future Philip II of Spain. Technically, the Armada failed because Spain's over-complex strategy required coordination between the invasion fleet and the Spanish army on shore. Superior English ships and seamanship foiled the invasion and led to the destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588, marking the high point of Elizabeth's reign. During the reign of Edward VI many free grammar schools were set up to take in non-fee paying students. Wedged between a legitimate son and the granddaughter of Catholic kings, what was the girl whose mother had been found guilty of high treason?
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